Structure and responsiveness: are Primary Health Care Units prepared to face COVID-19? / Estrutura e responsividade: a Atenção Primária à Saúde está preparada para o enfrentamento da Covid-19?

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic reinforced the need for global efforts to grant universal health coverage and access, which imposes management challenges for Primary Health Care (PHC). This study aimed to develop and apply an instrument to assess the PHC Units' responsiveness to COVID-19, based on co-production efforts between university researchers and PHC technical teams. The instrument composed of two modules, included identification, operating hours, workforce, work process, structure, equipment, furniture, supplies, Personal Protection Equipment (PPE), Symptomatic Respiratory Patient (SRP) examinations and follow-up, information, surveillance, integration, communication, and management. All the 165 PHC Units in Brasília were invited to complete the instrument. Main results: there was physical structure adaptation (adequate configuration of waiting rooms, internal and external spaces allowing safe distance); provision of PPE and COVID-19 tests; active search for SRP/COVID-19 suspects by phone, mobile or home visits; monitoring flows of patient transfer and telehealth implementation. In conclusion, the PHC Units reorganized their services to meet the demands of the pandemic context. Providing information about structure and responsiveness of PHC Units may subside health systems for planning and decision-making at different levels of management, which is crucial to determine strategies to empower and reinforce PHC responsivity in situations of pandemics and other calamities.

RESUMO A pandemia de Covid-19 reforçou a necessidade de esforços globais para garantir cobertura e acesso universal à saúde, impondo desafios na gestão da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Este estudo objetivou desen- volver e aplicar um instrumento de avaliação da responsividade das Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) diante da Covid-19, baseado na coprodução entre pesquisadores universitários e equipes técnicas da APS. O instrumento, dividido em dois módulos, incluiu identificação; horário de funcionamento; processo de trabalho; estrutura física, equipamentos, mobiliário, suprimentos e Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPI); atendimento, exames e acompanhamento de Usuários Sintomáticos Respiratórios (USR); vigilância, integração, comunicação e gestão. Todas as 165 UBS foram convidadas a completar o instrumento. Principais resultados: houve readequação da estrutura física (salas de espera, espaços internos/externos); fornecimento de EPI e de testes Covid-19, busca ativa de USR/suspeitos Covid-19 por telefone/visitas domiciliares, monitoramento de fluxos de transferência de pacientes e telessaúde. Concluindo, as UBS reorganizaram seus serviços para atender necessidades da pandemia. Fornecer informações sobre estrutura e capacidade de resposta das UBS pode subsidiar sistemas de saúde para planejamento e tomada de decisões, em diferentes níveis de gestão, crucial para determinar estratégias para reforçar a responsividade da APS em situações de pandemias e outras calamidades.

SARS-CoV-2 among inmates aged over 60 during a COVID-19 outbreak in a penitentiary complex in Brazil: Positive health outcomes despite high prevalence.

OBJECTIVES: To assess SARS-CoV-2 prevalence and health outcomes among inmates over 60 years during a COVID-19 outbreak in a major penitentiary complex in the Federal District, Brazil. METHODS: A mass test campaign was performed on May 13, 2020, using antibody-detection rapid tests for asymptomatic inmates and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction testing for those who were symptomatic. Those with negative results were retested on June 16. Inmates were interviewed to characterise background health conditions and the presence of symptoms. RESULTS: A total of 159 inmates were evaluated. In the first mass testing, 79.9% (127/159) of inmates had been infected, of whom 53.5% (68/127) reported symptoms. In the second testing round, 17 new cases were identified, increasing the total to 90.6% (144/159) of inmates with a positive result. Comorbidities were present in 67.3% of inmates; 2 hospitalisations and no COVID-related deaths were recorded. CONCLUSION: More than 90% of inmates aged >60 years were infected with SARS-CoV-2 during the outbreak. Periodic health monitoring, active case finding and early care for symptomatic patients contributed to positive post-infection outcomes. Such measures must be considered essential for the surveillance of COVID-19 in environments with limited capacity to promote social distance, such as penitentiary institutions.

COVID-19 Outbreak in a Large Penitentiary Complex, April-June 2020, Brazil.

An outbreak of coronavirus disease began in a large penitentiary complex in Brazil on April 1, 2020. By June 12, there were 1,057 confirmed cases among inmates and staff. Nine patients were hospitalized, and 3 died. Mean serial interval was ≈2.5 days; reproduction number range was 1.0-2.3.

Gerontological training: the challenge of integrating different professional categories / Formação gerontológica: o desafio da integração das diversas categorias profissionais

Gerontological training must be present on the discussion agenda of several training and professional qualification entities. Despite the expressive increase in life expectancy in Brazil, the number of qualified professionals to adequately meet the demands of the aging population is below what is necessary in the country. While many countries are already organizing themselves to elaborate standards and guidelines for gerontological education, Brazil still moves slowly in the definition of professional competencies at different levels of education, hiding the visibility of the identity of professionals working in gerontology. This article aims to shed light on the topic of gerontological training based on joint efforts of scientific societies, professional councils, professional associations, and educational institutions.

A formação gerontológica deve fazer-se presente na pauta das discussões das diversas entidades de capacitação e habilitação profissional. Apesar do aumento expressivo da expectativa de vida, o número de profissionais qualificados para atender adequadamente às demandas da população que envelhece se encontra aquém do necessário. Enquanto vários países já se organizam para elaborar normas e diretrizes para a educação gerontológica, o Brasil ainda caminha lentamente na definição das competências profissionais nos diversos níveis de formação, encobrindo a visibilidade da identidade dos profissionais que atuam na gerontologia. O presente artigo tem como objetivo dar luz ao tema da formação gerontológica mediante a união de esforços das sociedades científicas, conselhos profissionais, associações de classe e instituições de ensino.

Opinions on mental illness from the perspective of primary care nurses in Portugal.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the opinions of primary care nurses regarding mental illness and the care provided to this population. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional, quantitative study with the participation of 328 nurses of primary health care in Porto, Portugal. Data collected between April and August of 2018 through the scale "Opinions about Mental Illness" and socio demographic and labor questionnaire. Descriptive and correlational statistics were applied. RESULTS: A total of 50% of the nurses presented positive opinions about the mental illness. Regarding the assistance provided in their unit of action, 53.4% ​​considered inadequate and 50.3% recognized as adequate their knowledge about the role that primary health care has in assisting the person with mental illness. CONCLUSION: Positive opinions and recognition of the importance of primary care to people with mental illness are important indicators for qualified mental health care outside the field of specialty.

Avaliação do Programa Mais Médicos: relato de experiência / Evaluation of the More Doctors Program: experience report

RESUMO O acesso à saúde de forma universal e equitativa está preconizado na Constituição Federal de 1988, devendo ser garantida pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Dentre os diversos fatores que contribuem para a não efetivação dos princípios do SUS, destacam-se a insuficiência de profissionais e as disparidades regionais na distribuição de recursos humanos, principalmente médicos. Este artigo relata a experiência de avaliação do Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) por uma equipe multidisciplinar composta por 28 pesquisadores, a partir de trabalho de campo em 32 municípios com 20% ou mais da população em extrema pobreza selecionados em todas as regiões do Brasil (áreas remotas, distantes das capitais e comunidades quilombolas rurais), além de análises sobre os 5.570 municípios brasileiros baseadas em bancos de dados do Ministério da Saúde. A pesquisa resultou em vasta produção científica, apontando importantes resultados, como ampliação do acesso à saúde e redução de internações evitáveis. As reflexões aqui trazidas permitem concluir que o PMM contribuiu para a efetivação e consolidação dos princípios e diretrizes do SUS e garantiu acesso à saúde, especialmente para as populações mais pobres, municípios pequenos e regiões remotas e longínquas.

ABSTRACT The universal and equitable access to health is established in the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 and must be guaranteed by the Brazilian Unified Health System - the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). The lack of professionals and the large regional differences in the distribution of human resources, mainly physicians, are factors that contribute to the non-fulfillment of the SUS principles. This article reports the experience of evaluation of the More Doctors Program (PMM) by a multidisciplinary team composed of 28 researchers, based on field work in 32 municipalities with 20% or more of the population in extreme poverty selected in all regions of Brazil (remote areas, far from capitals, and rural maroon communities), as well as analyzes of the 5,570 Brazilian municipalities based on the Ministry of Health databases. The research resulted in a vast scientific production, pointing out important results, such as broadening of access to health and reducing of avoidable hospitalizations. The reflections brought here show that the PMM contributed to the implementation and consolidation of the SUS principles and guidelines, and guaranteed access to health, especially for the poorest populations, small municipalities and remote and distant regions.

Comparative antifungal susceptibility analyses of Cryptococcus neoformans VNI and Cryptococcus gattii VGII from the Brazilian Amazon Region by the Etest, Vitek 2, and the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution methods.

Early diagnosis, efficient clinical support, and proper antifungal therapy are essential to reduce death and sequels caused by cryptococcosis. The emergence of resistance to the antifungal drugs commonly used for cryptococcosis treatment is an important issue of concern. Thus, the in vitro antifungal susceptibility of clinical strains from northern Brazil, including C. neoformans VNI (n = 62) and C. gattii VGII (n = 37), to amphotericin B (AMB), 5-flucytosine, fluconazole, voriconazole, and itraconazole was evaluated using the Etest and Vitek 2 systems and the standardized broth microdilution (CLSI-BMD) methodology. According to the CLSI-BMD, the most active in vitro azole was voriconazole (C. neoformans VNI modal MIC of 0.06 µg/ml and C. gattii VGII modal MIC of 0.25 µg/ml), and fluconazole was the least active (modal MIC of 4 µg/ml for both fungi). Modal MICs for amphotericin B were 1 µg/ml for both fungi. In general, good essential agreement (EA) values were observed between the methods. However, AMB presented the lowest EA between CLSI-BMD and Etest for C. neoformans VNI and C. gattii VGII (1.6% and 2.56%, respectively, P < .05 for both). Considering the proposed Cryptococcus spp. epidemiological cutoff values, more than 97% of the studied isolates were categorized as wild-type for the azoles. However, the high frequency of C. neoformans VNI isolates in the population described here that displayed non-wild-type susceptibility to AMB is noteworthy. Epidemiological surveillance of the antifungal resistance of cryptococcal strains is relevant due to the potential burden and the high lethality of cryptococcal meningitis in the Amazon region.

Opinions on mental illness from the perspective of primary care nurses in Portugal / Comentarios sobre la enfermedad mental desde la perspectivas de las enfermeras de atención primaria en Portugal / Opiniões frente à doença mental na perspectiva de enfermeiros de cuidados primários em Portugal

Abstract Objective: To identify the opinions of primary care nurses regarding mental illness and the care provided to this population. Methodology: Cross-sectional, quantitative study with the participation of 328 nurses of primary health care in Porto, Portugal. Data collected between April and August of 2018 through the scale "Opinions about Mental Illness" and socio demographic and labor questionnaire. Descriptive and correlational statistics were applied. Results: A total of 50% of the nurses presented positive opinions about the mental illness. Regarding the assistance provided in their unit of action, 53.4% ​​considered inadequate and 50.3% recognized as adequate their knowledge about the role that primary health care has in assisting the person with mental illness. Conclusion: Positive opinions and recognition of the importance of primary care to people with mental illness are important indicators for qualified mental health care outside the field of specialty.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar las opiniones de enfermeros de la atención primaria de la salud frente a la enfermedad mental y los cuidados prestados a esta población. Metodología: Transversal, estudio cuantitativo, con la participación de 328 enfermeras en la atención primaria de la salud en Oporto, Portugal. Se recolectaron los datos entre abril y agosto de 2018 por medio de la escala "Opiniones sobre la Enfermedad Mental" y una encuesta sociodemográfica y laboral. Se aplicó la estadística descriptiva y correlacional. Resultados: Un total de los 50% de los enfermeros presentaron opiniones positivas sobre la enfermedad mental. En cuanto a la asistencia disponible en su unidad de actuación, el 53,4% consideraron inadecuadas y el 50,3% reconocieron como adecuado su conocimiento sobre el papel que tiene la atención primaria de la salud en la asistencia a la persona con enfermedad mental. Conclusión: Las opiniones positivas y el reconocimiento de la importancia de la atención primaria a la persona con enfermedad mental son importantes indicadores para una asistencia de salud mental calificada fuera del campo de la especialidad.

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar as opiniões de enfermeiros de cuidados de saúde primários frente à doença mental e os cuidados prestados a essa população. Metodologia Estudo transversal, quantitativo, com participação de 328 enfermeiros de cuidados de saúde primários em Porto, Portugal. Dados coletados entre abril e agosto de 2018 por meio da escala "Opiniões acerca da Doença Mental" e questionário sócio demográfico e laboral. Aplicou-se estatística descritiva e correlacional. Resultados: Um total de 50% dos enfermeiros apresentaram opiniões positivas sobre a doença mental. Quanto à assistência disponibilizada em sua unidade de atuação, 53,4% consideraram inadequadas e 50,3% reconheceram como adequado o seu conhecimento sobre o papel que os cuidados de saúde primários têm na assistência à pessoa com doença mental. Conclusão: As opiniões positivas e o reconhecimento da importância dos cuidados primários à pessoa com doença mental, são importantes indicadores para uma assistência de saúde mental qualificada fora do campo da especialidade.

Cost of providing doctors in remote and vulnerable areas: Programa Mais Médicos in Brazil

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To evaluate the Programa Mais Médicos (More Doctors Program; PMM) in Brazil by estimating the proportional increase in the number of doctors in participating municipalities and the program costs, stratified by cost component and funding source. Methods. Official data from the 2013 edition of Demografia Médica no Brasil (Medical Demography in Brazil) was used to estimate the number of doctors prior to PMM. The number of doctors at the end of the fourth PMM recruiting cycle (July 2014) was obtained from the Ministry of Health. Cost components were identified and estimated based on PMM legislation and guidelines. The participating municipalities were chosen based on four criteria, all related to vulnerability. Results. The PMM provided an additional 14 462 physicians to highly vulnerable, remote areas in 3 785 municipalities (68% of the total) and 34 Special Indigenous Sanitary Districts. There was a greater increase of physicians in the poorest regions (North and Northeast). The estimated annual cost of US$ 1.1 billion covered medical provision, continuing education, and supervision/mentoring. Funding was largely centralized at the federal level (92.6%). Conclusion. The cost of PMM is considered relatively moderate in comparison to its potential benefits for population health. The greater increase of doctors for the poorest and most vulnerable met the target of correcting imbalances in health worker distribution. The PMM experience in Brazil can contribute to the debate on reducing physician shortages.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Evaluar el Programa “Mais Médicos” en el Brasil mediante el cálculo del aumento proporcional del número de médicos en los municipios participantes y los costos del programa, con estratificación por componente del costo y fuente de financiamiento. Métodos. Se utilizaron datos oficiales de la edición del 2013 de Demografia médica no Brasil [demografía médica en el Brasil] para calcular el número de médicos antes del Programa “Mais Medicos”. El número de médicos al final del cuarto ciclo de reclutamiento del programa (julio del 2014) se obtuvo del Ministerio de Salud. Se determinaron y calcularon los componentes de costos sobre la base de la legislación y las directrices del programa. Se eligieron los municipios participantes según cuatro criterios, todos relacionados con la vulnerabilidad. Resultados. Mediante el Programa “Mais Médicos” se destinaron 14 462 médicos más a zonas sumamente vulnerables y remotas en 3 785 municipios (68% del total) y 34 distritos sanitarios indígenas especiales. El aumento del número de médicos fue mayor en las zonas más pobres (al Norte y Nordeste). El costo anual estimado de US$ 1 100 millones incluyó la dotación de médicos, la educación continua y la supervisión y tutoría. El financiamiento estuvo principalmente centralizado en el nivel federal (92,6%). Conclusiones. Se considera que el costo del Programa “Mais Médicos” es relativamente moderado en relación con los posibles beneficios para la salud de la población. Con el mayor aumento de la dotación de médicos en las poblaciones más pobres y vulnerables se cumplió el objetivo de corregir los desequilibrios en la distribución del personal de salud. La experiencia de este programa en el Brasil puede contribuir al debate sobre cómo paliar la escasez de médicos.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Avaliar o Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) no Brasil estimando o aumento proporcional do número de médicos nos municípios participantes e os custos do programa, estratificado pelo componente de custo e fonte de financiamento. Métodos. Os dados oficiais da edição de Demografia médica no Brasil de 2013 foram usados para estimar o número de médicos anterior ao PMM. O número de médicos ao final do quarto ciclo de recrutamento do PMM (julho de 2014) foi fornecido pelo Ministério da Saúde. Os componentes de custo foram identificados e calculados de acordo com a legislação e as diretrizes do PMM. Os municípios participantes foram selecionados segundo quatro critérios relacionados à vulnerabilidade. Resultados. O PMM proveu um adicional de 14.462 médicos para áreas remotas bastante vulneráveis em 3.785 municípios (68% do total) e 34 distritos sanitários especiais indígenas. Houve aumento maior do número de médicos nas regiões mais pobres (Norte e Nordeste). O custo anual estimado de US$ 1,1 bilhão cobriu provisões médicas, educação continuada e supervisão/mentoria. O financiamento foi em grande parte centralizado ao nível federal (92,6%). Conclusão. Considera-se que o custo do PMM seja relativamente moderado em relação aos benefícios em potencial à saúde da população. O aumento maior no número de médicos para atender a população mais pobres e vulnerável alcançou a meta de corrigir a má distribuição de profissionais da saúde. A experiência do PMM no Brasil pode subsidiar o debate visando reduzir a escassez de médicos.

Cost of providing doctors in remote and vulnerable areas: Programa Mais Médicos in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the Programa Mais Médicos (More Doctors Program; PMM) in Brazil by estimating the proportional increase in the number of doctors in participating muni-cipalities and the program costs, stratified by cost component and funding source. METHODS: Official data from the 2013 edition of Demografia Médica no Brasil (Medical Demography in Brazil) was used to estimate the number of doctors prior to PMM. The number of doctors at the end of the fourth PMM recruiting cycle (July 2014) was obtained from the Ministry of Health. Cost components were identified and estimated based on PMM legislation and guidelines. The participating municipalities were chosen based on four criteria, all related to vulnerability. RESULTS: The PMM provided an additional 14 462 physicians to highly vulnerable, remote areas in 3 785 municipalities (68% of the total) and 34 Special Indigenous Sanitary Districts. There was a greater increase of physicians in the poorest regions (North and Northeast). The estimated annual cost of US$ 1.1 billion covered medical provision, continuing education, and supervision/mentoring. Funding was largely centralized at the federal level (92.6%). CONCLUSION: The cost of PMM is considered relatively moderate in comparison to its potential benefits for population health. The greater increase of doctors for the poorest and most vulnerable met the target of correcting imbalances in health worker distribution. The PMM experience in Brazil can contribute to the debate on reducing physician shortages.

Cost of providing doctors in remote and vulnerable areas: Programa Mais Médicos in Brazil / El costo de dotar de médicos a las zonas remotas y vulnerables: Programa Mais Médicos en el Brasil / O custo da provisão de médicos para áreas remotas e vulneráveis: Programa Mais Médicos no Brasil

Objective. To evaluate the Programa Mais Médicos (More Doctors Program; PMM) in Brazil by estimating the proportional increase in the number of doctors in participating municipalities and the program costs, stratified by cost component and funding source. Methods. Official data from the 2013 edition of Demografia Médica no Brasil (Medical Demography in Brazil) was used to estimate the number of doctors prior to PMM. The number of doctors at the end of the fourth PMM recruiting cycle (July 2014) was obtained from the Ministry of Health. Cost components were identified and estimated based on PMM legislation and guidelines. The participating municipalities were chosen based on four criteria, all related to vulnerability. Results. The PMM provided an additional 14 462 physicians to highly vulnerable, remote areas in 3 785 municipalities (68% of the total) and 34 Special Indigenous Sanitary Districts. There was a greater increase of physicians in the poorest regions (North and Northeast). The estimated annual cost of US$ 1.1 billion covered medical provision, continuing education, and supervision/mentoring. Funding was largely centralized at the federal level (92.6%). Conclusion. The cost of PMM is considered relatively moderate in comparison to its potential benefits for population health. The greater increase of doctors for the poorest and most vulnerable met the target of correcting imbalances in health worker distribution. The PMM experience in Brazil can contribute to the debate on reducing physician shortages.(AU)

Objetivo. Evaluar el Programa "Mais Médicos" en el Brasil mediante el cálculo del aumento proporcional del número de médicos en los municipios participantes y los costos del programa, con estratificación por componente del costo y fuente de financiamiento. Métodos. Se utilizaron datos oficiales de la edición del 2013 de Demografia médica no Brasil [demografía médica en el Brasil] para calcular el número de médicos antes del Programa "Mais Medicos". El número de médicos al final del cuarto ciclo de reclutamiento del programa (julio del 2014) se obtuvo del Ministerio de Salud. Se determinaron y calcularon los componentes de costos sobre la base de la legislación y las directrices del programa. Se eligieron los municipios participantes según cuatro criterios, todos relacionados con la vulnerabilidad. Resultados. Mediante el Programa "Mais Médicos" se destinaron 14 462 médicos más a zonas sumamente vulnerables y remotas en 3 785 municipios (68% del total) y 34 distritos sanitarios indígenas especiales. El aumento del número de médicos fue mayor en las zonas más pobres (al Norte y Nordeste). El costo anual estimado de US$ 1 100 millones incluyó la dotación de médicos, la educación continua y la supervisión y tutoría. El financiamiento estuvo principalmente centralizado en el nivel federal (92,6%). Conclusiones. Se considera que el costo del Programa "Mais Médicos" es relativamente moderado en relación con los posibles beneficios para la salud de la población. Con el mayor aumento de la dotación de médicos en las poblaciones más pobres y vulnerables se cumplió el objetivo de corregir los desequilibrios en la distribución del personal de salud. La experiencia de este programa en el Brasil puede contribuir al debate sobre cómo paliar la escasez de médicos.(AU)

Objetivo. Avaliar o Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) no Brasil estimando o aumento proporcional do número de médicos nos municípios participantes e os custos do programa, estratificado pelo componente de custo e fonte de financiamento. Métodos. Os dados oficiais da edição de Demografia médica no Brasil de 2013 foram usados para estimar o número de médicos anterior ao PMM. O número de médicos ao final do quarto ciclo de recrutamento do PMM (julho de 2014) foi fornecido pelo Ministério da Saúde. Os componentes de custo foram identificados e calculados de acordo com a legislação e as diretrizes do PMM. Os municípios participantes foram selecionados segundo quatro critérios relacionados à vulnerabilidade. Resultados. O PMM proveu um adicional de 14.462 médicos para áreas remotas bastante vulneráveis em 3.785 municípios (68% do total) e 34 distritos sanitários especiais indígenas. Houve aumento maior do número de médicos nas regiões mais pobres (Norte e Nordeste). O custo anual estimado de US$ 1,1 bilhão cobriu provisões médicas, educação continuada e supervisão/mentoria. O financiamento foi em grande parte centralizado ao nível federal (92,6%). Conclusão. Considera-se que o custo do PMM seja relativamente moderado em rela- ção aos benefícios em potencial à saúde da população. O aumento maior no número de médicos para atender a população mais pobres e vulnerável alcançou a meta de corrigir a má distribuição de profissionais da saúde. A experiência do PMM no Brasil pode subsidiar o debate visando reduzir a escassez de médicos.(AU)

A proposal for a new Brazilian six-item version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.

INTRODUCTION:: Factor analysis of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) could result in a shorter and easier to handle screening tool. Therefore, the aim of this study was to check and compare the metrics of two different 6-item EPDS subscales. METHODS:: We administered the EPDS to a total of 3,891 women who had given birth between 1 and 3 months previously. We conducted confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses and plotted receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves to, respectively, determine construct validity, scale items' fit to the data, and ideal cutoff scores for the short versions. RESULTS:: A previously defined 6-item scale did not exhibit construct validity for our sample. Nevertheless, we used exploratory factor analysis to derive a new 6-item scale with very good construct validity. The area under the ROC curve of the new 6-item scale was 0.986 and the ideal cutoff score was ≥ 6. CONCLUSIONS:: The new 6-item scale has adequate psychometric properties and similar ROC curve values to the10-item version and offers a means of reducing the cost and time taken to administer the instrument.

Implementation research: towards universal health coverage with more doctors in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implementation of a programme to provide primary care physicians for remote and deprived populations in Brazil. METHODS: The Mais Médicos (More Doctors) programme was launched in July 2013 with public calls to recruit physicians for priority areas. Other strategies were to increase primary care infrastructure investments and to provide more places at medical schools. We conducted a quasi-experimental, before-and-after evaluation of the implementation of the programme in 1708 municipalities with populations living in extreme poverty and in remote border areas. We compared physician density, primary care coverage and avoidable hospitalizations in municipalities enrolled (n = 1450) and not enrolled (n = 258) in the programme. Data extracted from health information systems and Ministry of Health publications were analysed. FINDINGS: By September 2015, 4917 physicians had been added to the 16 524 physicians already in place in municipalities with remote and deprived populations. The number of municipalities with ≥ 1.0 physician per 1000 inhabitants doubled from 163 in 2013 to 348 in 2015. Primary care coverage in enrolled municipalities (based on 3000 inhabitants per primary care team) increased from 77.9% in 2012 to 86.3% in 2015. Avoidable hospitalizations in enrolled municipalities decreased from 44.9% in 2012 to 41.2% in 2015, but remained unchanged in control municipalities. We also documented higher infrastructure investments in enrolled municipalities and an increase in the number of medical school places over the study period. CONCLUSION: Other countries having shortages of physicians could benefit from the lessons of Brazil's programme towards achieving universal right to health.

A proposal for a new Brazilian six-item version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale / Proposta para uma nova versão brasileira de seis itens da Escala de Depressão Pós-Parto de Edimburgo

Abstract Introduction: Factor analysis of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) could result in a shorter and easier to handle screening tool. Therefore, the aim of this study was to check and compare the metrics of two different 6-item EPDS subscales. Methods: We administered the EPDS to a total of 3,891 women who had given birth between 1 and 3 months previously. We conducted confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses and plotted receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves to, respectively, determine construct validity, scale items' fit to the data, and ideal cutoff scores for the short versions. Results: A previously defined 6-item scale did not exhibit construct validity for our sample. Nevertheless, we used exploratory factor analysis to derive a new 6-item scale with very good construct validity. The area under the ROC curve of the new 6-item scale was 0.986 and the ideal cutoff score was ≥ 6. Conclusions: The new 6-item scale has adequate psychometric properties and similar ROC curve values to the10-item version and offers a means of reducing the cost and time taken to administer the instrument.

Resumo Introdução: A análise fatorial da Escala de Depressão Pós-Parto de Edimburgo (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, EPDS) poderia resultar em uma ferramenta de triagem mais curta e mais fácil de aplicar. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar e comparar as métricas de duas subescalas EPDS de 6 itens. Métodos: Administramos a EPDS a um total de 3.891 mulheres que deram à luz entre 1 e 3 meses antes da aplicação. Foram realizadas análises fatoriais confirmatórias e exploratórias e geradas curvas ROC (receiver-operating characteristics) para determinar, respectivamente, a validade do construto, o ajuste dos itens da escala aos dados, e os pontos de corte ideais para as versões curtas. Resultados: A escala de 6 itens previamente publicada não apresentou validade de construto para nossa amostra. No entanto, utilizamos a análise fatorial exploratória para derivar uma nova escala de 6 itens, que apresentou boa validade de construto. A área sob a curva ROC da nova escala de 6 itens foi 0,986, e o ponto de corte ideal foi ≥ 6. Conclusão: A nova escala de 6 itens possui propriedades psicométricas adequadas e valores de curva ROC semelhantes à versão de 10 itens e oferece um meio de reduzir o custo e o tempo necessário para administrar o instrumento.

Implementation research: towards universal health coverage with more doctors in Brazil

Objective: To evaluate the implementation of a programme to provide primary care physicians for remote and deprived populations in Brazil. Methods: The Mais Médicos (More Doctors) programme was launched in July 2013 with public calls to recruit physicians for priority areas. Other strategies were to increase primary care infrastructure investments and to provide more places at medical schools. We conducted a quasi-experimental, before-and-after evaluation of the implementation of the programme in 1708 municipalities with populations living in extreme poverty and in remote border areas. We compared physician density, primary care coverage and avoidable hospitalizations in municipalities enrolled (n = 1450) and not enrolled (n = 258) in the programme. Data extracted from health information systems and Ministry of Health publications were analysed. Findings: By September 2015, 4917 physicians had been added to the 16 524 physicians already in place in municipalities with remote and deprived populations. The number of municipalities with ≥ 1.0 physician per 1000 inhabitants doubled from 163 in 2013 to 348 in 2015. Primary care coverage in enrolled municipalities (based on 3000 inhabitants per primary care team) increased from 77.9% in 2012 to 86.3% in 2015. Avoidable hospitalizations in enrolled municipalities decreased from 44.9% in 2012 to 41.2% in 2015, but remained unchanged in control municipalities. We also documented higher infrastructure investments in enrolled municipalities and an increase in the number of medical school places over the study period. Conclusion: Other countries having shortages of physicians could benefit from the lessons of Brazil’s programme towards achieving universal right to health.

Factors related to health services determine breastfeeding within one hour of birth in the Federal District of Brazil, 2011. / Fatores ligados aos serviços de saúde determinam o aleitamento materno na primeira hora de vida no Distrito Federal, Brasil, 2011.

OBJECTIVE:: To identify factors associated with breastfeeding in the first hour of life. METHODS:: A cross-sectional study conducted among mothers and children under one year of age, who attended the second stage of the polio vaccination campaign in the Federal District, Brazil, in 2011. The sample was composed of 1,027 pairs of mothers and children. Breastfeeding in the first hour of life was considered as the dependent variable; and the independent variables were: socio-demographic characteristics of the mother, prenatal, delivery and postpartum care, reference to physical or verbal violence/neglect during delivery, and children health. Unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) were used as measures of association, calculated by Poisson regression. RESULTS:: The prevalence of breastfeeding in the first hour of life was 77.3%. Inadequate prenatal care (PR = 0.72), cesarean section (PR = 0.88) and no access to rooming-in after birth (PR = 0.28) were factors that interfered negatively in breastfeeding in the first hour of life. No factor was associated with breastfeeding in the first hour of life for mother and children. CONCLUSIONS:: Factors related to health services such as prenatal care, type of delivery and postpartum rooming-in interfered with breastfeeding in the first hour of life, indicating that health services, as well health professional practices were major determinants the breastfeeding in the first hour of life.

Fatores ligados aos serviços de saúde determinam o aleitamento materno na primeira hora de vida no Distrito Federal, Brasil, 2011 / Factors related to health services determine breastfeeding within one hour of birth in the Federal District of Brazil, 2011

RESUMO: Objetivo: Identificar os fatores associados ao aleitamento materno na primeira hora de vida. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado junto às mães e crianças menores de um ano de idade, que compareceram à segunda etapa da campanha de poliomielite no Distrito Federal, Brasil, em 2011. A amostra estudada foi de 1.027 pares (mães e filhos). Considerou-se como variável dependente o aleitamento materno na primeira hora de vida e, como variáveis independentes, as características sociodemográficas da mãe, assistência ao pré-natal, parto e puerpério, referência à violência física, verbal e negligência no momento do parto e saúde da criança. As razões de prevalência (RP), brutas e ajustadas, foram utilizadas como medida de associação, calculadas por regressão de Poisson. Resultados: Foi encontrada prevalência de 77,3% de aleitamento materno na primeira hora de vida. Não ter realizado pré-natal de forma adequada (RP = 0,72), ter feito parto cesáreo (RP = 0,88) e mãe e filho não permanecerem em alojamento conjunto após o parto (RP = 0,28) foram fatores que interferiram negativamente no aleitamento materno na primeira hora. Nenhuma característica materna e da criança esteve associada ao aleitamento materno na primeira hora. Conclusão: Fatores ligados aos serviços de saúde, como assistência ao pré-natal, tipo de parto e alojamento conjunto, interferiram no aleitamento materno na primeira hora, indicando que as práticas dos serviços e dos profissionais de saúde foram os principais determinantes do aleitamento materno na primeira hora.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To identify factors associated with breastfeeding in the first hour of life. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted among mothers and children under one year of age, who attended the second stage of the polio vaccination campaign in the Federal District, Brazil, in 2011. The sample was composed of 1,027 pairs of mothers and children. Breastfeeding in the first hour of life was considered as the dependent variable; and the independent variables were: socio-demographic characteristics of the mother, prenatal, delivery and postpartum care, reference to physical or verbal violence/neglect during delivery, and children health. Unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) were used as measures of association, calculated by Poisson regression. Results: The prevalence of breastfeeding in the first hour of life was 77.3%. Inadequate prenatal care (PR = 0.72), cesarean section (PR = 0.88) and no access to rooming-in after birth (PR = 0.28) were factors that interfered negatively in breastfeeding in the first hour of life. No factor was associated with breastfeeding in the first hour of life for mother and children. Conclusions: Factors related to health services such as prenatal care, type of delivery and postpartum rooming-in interfered with breastfeeding in the first hour of life, indicating that health services, as well health professional practices were major determinants the breastfeeding in the first hour of life.

Population Genetic Analysis Reveals a High Genetic Diversity in the Brazilian Cryptococcus gattii VGII Population and Shifts the Global Origin from the Amazon Rainforest to the Semi-arid Desert in the Northeast of Brazil.

Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are responsible globally for almost one million cryptococcosis cases yearly, mostly in immunocompromised patients, such as those living with HIV. Infections due to C. gattii have mainly been described in tropical and subtropical regions, but its adaptation to temperate regions was crucial in the species evolution and highlighted the importance of this pathogenic yeast in the context of disease. Cryptococcus gattii molecular type VGII has come to the forefront in connection with an on-going emergence in the Pacific North West of North America. Taking into account that previous work pointed towards South America as an origin of this species, the present work aimed to assess the genetic diversity within the Brazilian C. gattii VGII population in order to gain new insights into its origin and global dispersal from the South American continent using the ISHAM consensus MLST typing scheme. Our results corroborate the finding that the Brazilian C. gattii VGII population is highly diverse. The diversity is likely due to recombination generated from sexual reproduction, as evidenced by the presence of both mating types in clinical and environmental samples. The data presented herein strongly supports the emergence of highly virulent strains from ancestors in the Northern regions of Brazil, Amazonia and the Northeast. Numerous genotypes represent a link between Brazil and other parts of the world reinforcing South America as the most likely origin of the C. gattii VGII subtypes and their subsequent global spread, including their dispersal into North America, where they caused a major emergence.